Financial Analysis - 2455 Words

Brazilian Beer Merger Negotiations: Companhia Cervejaria Brahama, S.A Name of Student Name of Institute Date Table of Contents Executive Summary 3 Issues: 4 Recommendations: 4 Value of synergies and intrinsic value per share of Antarctica 5 Form of payment; Cash or common stock? 5 Share-for-share transaction 7 Term sheet and its components 8 Economic Analysis 8 Recommendation 9 Executive Summary In 1999, the CEO of Companhia Cervejaria Brahama (largest brewer in Brazil) was considering the bit for Antarctica (second largest brewer in Brazil). The purpose for this merger was to exploit the potential synergies and avail the economies of scale. The secondary motive was to raise the barriers to entry to the industry†¦show more content†¦Terminal value is calculated by divided the synergies of one year to the weighted average cost of capital. Form of payment; Cash or common stock? Once the prices would be finalized by both of the companies, the next step would be determining the method of consideration. There are commonly two methods that the companies considers, those are cash payment or share for share exchange. From the Antarctica’s point of view, an investment issue is the question. Should the Antarctica reinvest the amount in Newco (that means Brahama including Antarctica) to benefit from higher value and potential synergies? Or should Antarctica take the cash payment in order to reinvest somewhere else in the market or in another assets. This depends principally on the Antarctica’s portfolio strategy, its objectives for risk and return and investment barriers for example liquidity, tax concerns, time horizon, legal and regulatory factors and other choices. From the Brahama’s point of view, the form of payment could be the financing issue. It could influence the impact on balance sheet and the capital structure. To acquire Antarctica, Brahama need to pay $5130 million by either the issuance of equity of the debt. Therefore, both viewpoints must be settled down in order to have the deal successful. There are several elements to be considered when choosing between the two forms of payments. When submitting an offer, the Brahama shouldShow MoreRelatedFinancial Statement Analysis : Financial Analysis1558 Words   |  7 Pagesyou hear the phase financial statement analysis, one wonders what is stands for. financial statement analysis is one of the most important part of any company to be successful. The reason companies rely on financial statements is for the company to come profitable even if the company is small or large. When companies use financial statement, it helps them to see if they are being profitable, by being used in different areas and reviewed by different departments. Chief Financial Officer and other executivesRead MoreFinancial Statement Analysis : Financial Analysis759 Words   |  4 PagesWoolworth Financial Analysis Financial statement analysis assists a business entity, business shareholders and other people interested, to analyze the figures in financial statements to present them with superior information about such most important factors for decision making and ultimate business survival. As exemplified by Gibson (2001), income statement, balance sheet, and cash flow statements project the financial performance a company at the present and probably the future. According to theRead MoreFinancial Analysis1076 Words   |  5 PagesCango Financial CanGo Financial Analysis Report The success of a business depends on its ability to remain profitable over the long term, while being able to pay all its financial obligations and earning above average returns for its shareholders. This is made possible if the business is able to maximize on available opportunities and very efficiently and effectively use the resources it has to create maximum value for all involved stakeholders. One way the performance of a company can be measuredRead MoreFinancial Trend Analysis Of Tata Steel Ltd Essay1257 Words   |  6 Pages TERM PAPER ON â€Å"Financial Trend Analysis Of TATA STEEL Ltd.† BY SAMIKSH SHARMA {A3146915005} B.Com (H) – Evening Class of 2015-18 Under the Supervision of: Dr . ATUL KUMAR In Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Commerce (Honours) At AMITY COLLEGE OF COMMERCE AND FINANCE AMITY UNIVERSITY UTTAR PRADESH, 2015-18 INDEX S.NO CONTENTS PAGE NO 1. TITLE PAGE 01 2. INDEX 02 3. DECLARATION FORM 03 4. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 04 5. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 05 - 06 6. INTRODUCTIONRead MoreFinancial Analysis of Lee College1527 Words   |  7 PagesFinancial Analysis of Lee College Not-for-profit organizations are required to produce financial statements that provide information about their financial position and performance. Lee College is a private, not-for-profit college that prepares its financial statements in accordance to the accounting standards of the National Association of College and University Business Officers (NACUBO). I will prepare a Statement of Activities, a Statement of Unrestricted Revenues, Expenses, and Other ChangesRead MoreFinancial Analysis : Financial Information970 Words   |  4 PagesFinancial ratios make it easier for quantitative analysis, where financial information is analysed by investors, as the numerous numbers contained in a company financial statement can leave them confounded. There are five to six main types of financial ratios including liquidity measurement ratios, profitability indicator ratios, debt ratios, operating performance ratios and cash flow indicator ratios (Richard Loth, n.b and Jim Riley,n.b)1 and 2. However, these can be grouped into two principal categoryRead MoreFinancial Analysis2238 Words   |  9 Pagestimes | Apendix: Ratios of the Grand Hotel Financial analysis | | | Financial ratios are useful tool to analyze the firm performance and financial situation or to compare the firm’s financial situation with other. It will help managers or the board of director to make good decisions in their performance and future prospects. Financial ratios could be classified into five types: profitability, liquidity, financial leverage, asset turnover, and dividend policy ratios (PaulineRead MoreFinancial Analysis4661 Words   |  19 PagesFinal Project – Financial Analysis Beatrice Valdez, MBA Student Capella University MBA 6016 Finance and Value Creation [ May 16, 2012 ] Michael Blagg, Professor Table of Contents Executive Summary | | 3 | Historical Financial Statement Analysis: Financial Ratios | | 3-4 | Balance Sheet | | 4-6 | Income Statement | | 6 | Statement of Cash Flows | | 6 | Pro-Forma Financial Statements | | 7 | Balance Sheet Pro-Forma | | 7-8 | Income Statement Pro-Forma | | 9 | CashRead MoreFinancial Ratio Analysis : Financial Ratios Analysis1634 Words   |  7 Pages UNIVERSITY OF HOUSTON CLEAR-LAKE HADM 5233: FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT II ASSIGNMENT: FINANCIAL RATIO ANALYSIS UHCL Honesty Code â€Å"I will be honest in all my academic activities and will not tolerate dishonesty.† Uday Sekhar Reddy Mareddy Read MoreFinancial Analysis : Japans Financial Markets1191 Words   |  5 PagesINTRODUCTION In March 2015, Japan’s Financial Markets Agency for the first time in its history set out Corporate Governance Code and a year earlier Stewardship Code. Even though some efforts towards corporate governance and transparency have been made in Japan previously, specifically introduction of dual system in 2003, they did not gain popularity. Only 40 out of 3,000 firms adopted this system immediately rising to 112 five years later. However, these codes were necessary due to the pressure

Friendships Should Not Be Based On Social Media - 1253 Words

Friendships in the 21st century do not have the same importance and worth as they used to. Friendships now are seen as being friends on social media but never speaking a word to each other in real life. Saying hi s and hellos in the hallways , but not a word more. Friends should be a tight knit community where one can relax in an environment of love, affection and safeness. Where they can be vulnerable and comfortable enough to share their fears and their secrets. Friends know us better than we know ourselves, they have been with us from the beginning . The eye contacts that are made when someone s talking has gotten too much, the inside jokes that only you guys know. Friendships should not be based on social media nor how popular a person is. They should be based on a persons personality their character. For viewers in 2015, Friends disrupts the current value placed on friendship. From our first cry to final breath, we have developed friendships throughout our lives. There are countless articles that argue whether or not people who have had stable friendships at a young age affect their personalities and characteristics as they age. In Thomas Berndt’s â€Å"Friendship Quality and Social Development, the paper argues that those who have stable relationships as a child and continue as they grow up show signs of social stability, intimacy, and low levels of conflicts and rivalries, but those who do not are more shy and withdrawn (1). This is very important because,Show MoreRelatedI Get By With A Little Help From My? Essay1305 Words   |  6 PagesI get by with a little help from my†¦? In Curtis Silver’s essay titled â€Å"The Quagmire of Social Media Friendships,† He describes the realization of what a true friend is. With millions of people on social media, anyone can feel as though they have achieved rock star status. This is the ruse social networking sites like Facebook and twitter cause. Having thousands of â€Å"friends† on social media accounts has changed the true meaning on how people connect on a personal level. The question is, is it evenRead MoreThe Industrial Revolution And Agricultural Revolution1509 Words   |  7 Pagesof correspondence today is social media, particularly Facebook. In developing and maintaining friendships with others online, relationships are both strengthened and weakened by the barriers and networks formed through social media. As a result, sites like Facebook create a communication gap between those whose friendships are dependent upon social media, leaving numerous traits of the individual and the group up for debate. Most importantly, the influence of social media sites is slowly working toRead MoreRelationships Affected By Media1112 Words   |  5 Pages The media The media can come in many forms. From social media, magazines to Television. Although there are fundamental differences the core purpose of all media is communication. Whether it be to inform, entertain or advertise. Communication Communication comes in many forms as well. For example: written or spoken communication. These all involve the the exchange of information through different medias. In order for communication to be carried our correctly, understanding must be accomplishedRead MoreThe Factors That Shape An Individual s Self Concept Essay1663 Words   |  7 Pageslf-concept refers to the mental image or idea that an individual holds regarding themselves. An individuals’ self-concept continually develops in each of the life stages and is seen to be closely related to the social as well as the emotional development. As such, a person views themselves differently depending on the environment in which they are. Self-concept in an individual takes various steps to being formed. The most important step is the initial one which happens while one is still a childRead MoreTim Berners-Lee and Robert Cailliau and the Internet1476 Words   |  6 Pagesof a friend is lost because of the indecency of social media. The growth of social media causes people to question what a friend is because people do not understand the difference between interacting face to face, rather than socializing on the web. As more social media sites come to the market, people are social without going out. The growth of social media causes people to think, act, and interact differently, causing the meaning of friendship to be lost, because of the growth of the web. SocializingRead MoreTardanico discusses how lack of face-to-face communication can lead to miscommunication. She starts1100 Words   |  5 PagesTardanico discusses how lack of face-to-face communication can lead to miscommunication. She starts off the article with an anecdote about a mother texting her daughter who is away at college and based on the messages exchanged the daughter seems to be doing just fine. She used various emoji’s expressing happiness. No one knew that she had been isolated in her room portraying signs of depression, an entirely different world from the one portrayed on Facebook, Twitter, and to her mother. â€Å"Awash inRead MoreRelationship Between Relationships And Relationships1471 Words   |  6 Pagesit will not. Friendships are unique relationships because unlike family relationships, we choose to enter into them. A friend is a person cable of loving regardless of whether he is being loved or not. Friendships can exist between same sex: man-man, woman-woman, or opposite sex: man-woman. It transcends age and could subsist between even an old man and small boy. Human beings also establish relationships with their pet such as cats, dogs, horses, doves, and even parrots. Friendships can also beRead MoreNegative Effects Of Social Media1352 Words   |  6 Pageseasier contact and introduction. Social media is a powerful means of this. Through social media, people are able to connect through common interests and ideas. With these connections, fewer people feel alienated and the overall the mental health of some individuals could improve. Studies have been done to prove this unpopular theory. Social media also provides an avenue for people to plan events more easily and meet in groups. Young can acquire beneficial social engagements. College students areRead MoreHow Social Media Has On Our Society101 0 Words   |  5 PagesIn â€Å"Faux Friendship,† associate professor William Deresiewics discusses the affect that social media has on our society. Deresiewics originally published this piece in The Chronicles of Higher Education in December 2009, but this piece has been published in The Nation, The American Scholar, The London Review of Books, and The New York Times. Deresiewics’ attempts to convince readers that social media take away our ability to build relationships in person. Despite Deresiewics’ appeal to ethos andRead MoreSocial Media Has Affected The Way Human Interact With Each1402 Words   |  6 PagesSocial media has affected the way human interact with each other. Social media is websites and applications that enable users to create and share content or to participate in social networking, which involves Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, and Snapchat. Adolescents use social media to make relationships that are really interment, but could be dangerou s. Most adolescents do not interact with one another in person as much they use to before social media. Adolescents would rather video chat and message

ERG Motivation Theorys analysis. free essay sample

Theory is created by Clayton Alderfe. This theory is modification of Maslows hierarchy of needs. Maslows theory organized of five needs but ERG Theory consist of 3 basic human needs and grouped under 3 categories existence, relatedness, and growth. Existence needs include physiological and safety needs of physically relevant person, such as the need for food, shelter, and safe working conditions. Relatedness needs include the need for a person to interact with others, get public recognition, nd feel safe around people. Growth needs consist of self-esteem through personal human achievement, as well as the concept of self-actualization, represented in the Maslow model. Difference between Maslow Need Hierarchy Theory and Alderfers ERG Theory For example, the ERG theory need not take in any particular manner and clearly recognize that more than one need may operate at any given time. In addition, the theory has frustration-regression aspect. ERG Theory also shows that if the fulfillment of a higher-level need is low, there is an increase in desire for satisfying a ower-level need. We will write a custom essay sample on ERG Motivation Theorys analysis. or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page According to Maslow, an individual remains at a particular need level until that need is satisfied. While according to ERG theory, if a higher- level need enhance, an individual may revert to increase the satisfaction of a lower- level need. This is called frustration- regression aspect of ERG theory. For instance- when growth need enhance, then an individual might be motivated to accomplish the relatedness need and if there are issues in accomplishing relatedness needs, then he might be motivated by the existence needs. Thus, frustration can result in regression to a lower-level need. While MasloWs need hierarchy theory is rigid as it assumes that the needs follow a specific and orderly hierarchy and unless a lower- level need is satisfied, an individual cannot proceed to the higher-level need. ERG Theory of motivation is very flexible as he perceived the needs as a variety rather than perceiving them as a hierarchy. According to Alderfer, an individual can work on growth needs even if his existence or relatedness needs remain unsatisfied. Thus, he ives explanation to the issue of starving artist who can struggle for growth even if he is hungry. Although not fully tested, ERG theory seems to explain the dynamics of human needs in organizations reasonably well. It provides a less rigid explanation of employee needs than MasloWs hierarchy. Human needs cluster more carefully around the three categories proposed by Alderfer than the five categories in MasloWs hierarchy. The combined processes of satisfaction-progression and frustration-regression also provide a more accurate explanation of why employee eeds change over time. Overall, it seems to come closest to explaining why employees have particular needs at various times. How the ERG theory could be used Alderfers ERG theory can be used to explain someones motivation to work in a Job because the theory is applicable to many different relations of employees. An effective manager has to understand where a particular individual might exist in the particular set of needs to an applicable situation. For example, if someone started in a Job and needs the financial security of a position in order to make easy other costs nd expenses, they might be in the Existence needs. Perhaps, their motivation can be increased with incentives and some bonuses. Since their needs caused by necessity for basic material needs, stimulate their work in this area may lead to an increase in their motivation to work in a particular Job. For a worker who thrives on interpersonal connection and the acknowledgement from others, their needs are in the Relatedness sector. If these individuals could find greater motivation if they were placed in a position where their interpersonal needs or strengths could be alidated, then there could be greater motivation for these individuals to perform better and maximize output at their Jobs. Finally, the needs for reflective Growth indicate that an individual has reached a point where they wish to advance personally and move into a area of professional development and enhancement. For these individuals, their motivation might exist in looking at their Job as a vocation and seeking to advance within it. Constructing avenues of professional growth and development could enhance the work motivation for these individuals as it fits their needs. The ERG model is fluid, in that simultaneous needs could be seen in one employee.

Student Nurses Perceptions of Gender free essay sample

Though they may be half a world away, nursing schools in India face problems similar to those in the United States when it comes to recruiting men. The results of this research of nursing students in Pondicherry, India, may surprise you. by S. Sridevy, B. S. N. , M. S. N. , M. A. , M. Phil. †¢ RSS †¢ Print †¢ E-mail †¢ Comment †¢ MN 2011 Spring [pic] Though they may be half a world away, nursing schools in India face problems similar to those in the United States when it comes to recruiting men. The following study sought to discern the opinions of 78 senior nursing students studying in and around Pondicherry, India, regarding gender roles in their field. It aimed to determine the following: 1. Whether nursing students have different opinions of what professional roles male and female nurses should occupy. 2. Whether gender affects the image and status of the nursing profession. The results of the survey indicated that most of the nursing students prefer men to occupy administrative or teaching positions. We will write a custom essay sample on Student Nurses Perceptions of Gender or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Additionally, there were statistically significant results between female and male students perceptions surrounding the effect of males on the image and status of nursing. These findings may impact local nursing education recruitment programs for both men and women, and perhaps the health service organization as a whole. Men in nursing Though they still represent a slim minority, men are increasingly pursuing careers in nursing, attracted by abundant job opportunities, good salaries, and the opportunity to make a difference in peoples lives. This is in no small part due to the fact that the nursing profession has worked for years to dispel misconceptions surrounding men in this female-dominated field. What is interesting about todays perceptions of gender in nursing is that until the days of Florence Nightingale in the late 19th century, nursing was a male-dominated profession. 1  Nightingale considered nursing a suitable job for women because it was an extension of their domestic roles. Her image of the nurse as nurturing, domestic, humble, and self-sacrificing became prevalent. Qualities associated with women, like compassion and dependency, align with those often attributed to nurses. 2  In modern times, the social construction of the role of a nurse has typically meant a caring, hardworking woman. Nursing, in the span of Nightingales lifetime, became identified as a profession deeply embedded in the female gender. 3 On the other side of the gender divide, men who enter nursing may still face questions about their masculinity or sexuality. Sociologists describe sex role socialization as instrumental for men and expressive for women. The characteristics of instrumental socialization include aggression and the ability to compete, lead, and wield power to accomplish tasks. Expressive socialization includes learning to nurture and be sensitive to needs of others. Many female dominated positions, including nursing, have difficulty attracting male recruits. This can be attributed in part to issues such as status and pay, but also to the gender stereotyping of the profession. Although the number of males in nursing has increased in recent years, the underlying feminization of nursing is still an important issue.   Persistent and outdated gender stereotypes are a big part of the problem. [pic] Today, men still only make up between 5%–10% of the nursing workforce in the United States, United Kingdom, and Canada. Although its a small percentage, todays statistics actually represent an over 20% increase in the number of male nurses in the past two decades. 5There are many supposed reasons for the lack of men in nursing. For example, if a mans peers consider nursing emasculating, he has a disincentive for becoming a nurse. Another reason suggested is the lower economic status associated with the nursing field. 3  However, the most commonly proposed reason is that men are less likely to enter jobs associated with women than women are to enter those positions traditionally held by men. Despite the obvious disproportion of male nurses to all men, studies have also shown men are overrepresented in senior nursing posts. 2  They achieve promotion more quickly than women at all levels of the nursing hierarchy above the entry-level positions. This could be attributed to the vast difference in the number of female nurses who work part time, compared to part-time male nurses. Some researchers suggest that managers perceive part-time female staff to be less attached to their careers. 7  Studies have consistently reported that one of the major reasons for womens slower progress in nursing is the number and length of career breaks taken, particularly to have children. One such study indicated that women were 10 times more likely than men to have taken a career break to care for children.   Furthermore, male nurses may be thought to bring stability to the nursing profession, which had always been considered at the mercy of marriage and motherhood, reflecting hidden advantages for men and disadvantages for women. 1 Study specifics Participants were assured informed consent and confidentiality. All students received an explanation of the study before introduction of the questionnaire, and only those who agreed to participate continued. Students names were not sought in the questionnaires and their confidentiality was respected. Sixty-two percent of those surveyed were female and 38% were male. The first part of the survey included socio-demographic data, while the second part asked students about their perception of males in nursing and the effects of recruiting males to the field. The third section asked students about their perception of gender stereotypes. Questions included: 1. How do you feel about men in nursing? 2. Do you think nursing is a womans job? 3. Do men and women differ in their professional role? What do you think are the suitable work places and positions fit for male nurses? 5. What do you think of the effect of men on the image of nursing? Male nurses as perceived by both genders Most of the female students and nearly half of the male students chose emergency units as the most suitable area for male nurses. Nearly 42% of the female nurses preferred men to work as instructors in nursing schools after graduation. There were significant differences between both genders perceptions about the nursing positions men should occupy after graduation. While 48% of the female students considered men as staff nurses, most of the male students said they should occupy administrative (40%) or teaching posts (38%) after graduation. Significant differences were also found between the female and male students perceptions regarding the effect of males on the image of nursing. When asked if men improve the image of nursing, 54% of the female respondents agreed, compared to 90% of the male respondents. Cultural values, a lack of understanding about what nurses really do at work, and the way nurses are portrayed in popular media highly affect the public image of nursing. The results of the survey show that male students prefer administrative/instructional positions after graduation. In contrast, female students said they more often preferred men to assume staff nurse positions. While there are difficulties for men working in female-dominated professions, male nurses tend to have a faster and more straightforward career progression than their female counterparts. Male students exhibited gender role tension about nursing, as 43% considered nursing a female profession. Some research reports numbers as high as 82% of male high school students would not choose nursing as a career, believing it should be a female-only profession. 9, 10) Conclusions and recommendations The results of this study indicate that nursing continues to be seen as a female-dominated profession, especially by male students, despite the ever-increasing number of men in nursing. Stereotypical notions of gender roles possibly affect male students desire to occupy administrative positio ns after graduation, though further studies are needed. Nursing as a profession can only benefit from a talent pool drawing a proportionate number of men. Nursing schools, health care organizations, and the media should continue to advocate for the profession, portraying positive images of the field and male nurses. A community education campaign to improve the image of nursing could also be initiated. To emphasize a nurses role identity without any gender segregations, school educators should encourage students to manage gender-related problems.

History of antitrust efforts in the U.S. and Europe essays

History of antitrust efforts in the U.S. and Europe essays The ways in which nations interact with the world have, arguably since the Industrial Revolution and even more so since the beginning of the jet age, depended upon their corporations. Globalization, first through rapid international physical transit and more recently through instant access, at least concerning intellectual property/goods and transactions surrounding that intellectual property as well as tangible properties shipped and received, is making two things possible, one after the other. The first is the inevitable knocking into each other of the old-world methods of commerce, and those of the new world: the U.S. notably, of course, but also Canada and the NAFTA trading partners, conceivably. The second is that "the forces of globalization may be eroding the elements that once made European corporations unique. Still, historically speaking, and especially when compared with their American counterparts, European companies exhibit enough common traits for us to speak of an old-continent model'." (Amatori, 1999) Naturally, this makes a coherent antitrust policy covering all parties a challenge. Historically, the European model has seen the state as a major player in the economy; as well, close relations between the banking and industrial sectors reinforced this view and the fact of it. (Amatori, 1999) In the U.S., historically, there has been reluctance to bring the state in as an active player in the nation's economic life, and the relations between banking and industrial sectors were anything but close. Indeed, they are often adversarial. Likewise, European and U.S. views of who should benefit from commercial life differ. Europe puts is emphasis on stakeholders, while in the U.S., the emphasis is on shareholders. This has led to the prevalent hostile takeover in the U.S., despite antitrust laws, something seen less often in Europe. (Amatori, 1999) ...

14 Things You Need to Know as a New Nurse

14 Things You Need to Know as a New Nurse So you’ve made it. You want to be a nurse and now you’re ready to begin your nursing career. Here are 14 tips from actual nurses, things they wish they’d known back when they first were starting out, that can help set you on a steeper learning curve as a new nurse. 1. Your schedule is different on paper vs. in real lifeYour schedule might look totally doable- a manageable series of shifts (most hospitals would say 3 shifts of 12 hours each). But when you factor in changeover duties, exchanging important patient information before and after each work day, and your commute? Those days are easily 15 hours. And those four days off per week? Forget it. Be ready for the 5 a.m. phone calls begging you to pinch hit when you’re understaffed. Best be prepared for more hours than your schedule would suggest on paper.2. Your duties expand far and wideThe definition of â€Å"nursing,† as it turns out, has a lot more to it than just the medical care you were trai ned to give. Expect also to have to perform the tasks of waitress, housekeeper, advocate, crusader, IT person, mediator, electrician, errand runner, and counselor. The more your realize how much outside stuff will factor into your ability to get your actual job done, the better a nurse you’ll be.3. Your memory game must be on pointIf you don’t have an outstanding memory, you’d better come up with a mnemonic system to keep things better in your head, or at least be extremely organized and know where you’ve recorded the details you really can’t forget. You’ll be expected to know without hesitation details about your patient, their disease profile, the technology you’ll need to wield, medication interactions, etc. Often as a matter of life and death.4. Your mistakes will be plentifulIt would be naà ¯ve to think that you won’t make them. You will. Everyone does. The first one will feel awful, and you’ll probably cry, but yo u’ll be very unlikely ever to make it again. Do your best to learn from your mistakes. They’ll make you a much better nurse. And take extra care with medications- they’re the easiest thing to mess up!5. You will learn how to handle the most difficult thingNursing school, no matter how much you think it has, cannot prepare you to witness your first, second, or two hundredth death. You will see hundreds and they will not get easier. Each will be different and tragic in their own way.6. You will develop a sick sense of humorIf you don’t have one already, you will soon. You and your coworkers will find yourselves making jokes you’d never even realize were joke-worthy before you became a nurse. Just go with it. This is how we keep each other sane.7. You will be attached to the phoneYou’ll be dealing with patients a great deal. You’ll be expected to be graceful under fire. But you’ll also spend an ungodly amount of time, tedious time , on the telephone. Other departments, doctors, pharmacies, insurance companies, supply companies, etc. Train yourself to have excellent phone demeanor and you’ll go far.8. Your body will take a beatingIt will hurt you. After almost every shift. And as you grow older and more seasoned in your career, it will only hurt more. You’re standing, walking, lifting patients and equipment. It takes a toll. Take good care of yourself. Stretch. Learn to optimize your body mechanics- standing, sitting, bending, lifting. Wear compression stockings and good, supportive shoes.9. Your friends and family become bonus patientsYou’re never going to be off the clock. Not as long as your friends and family have cell phones and cameras and can send you their complaints and health questions. Just get used to it. You’ll have a hard time turning loved ones away when you or your colleagues might be of help.10. Your pay is not as high as it should beIt will never be enough for the amount of work you’re expected to do just to perform your base duties. But there are always opportunities for you to pick up extra shifts and overtime. If you can do the extra work, you can make the extra cash.11. Your schedule will be all over the placeKiss your weekends and holidays goodbye. And be prepared to explain to your friends and family why you can’t always be counted on to come to dinners and birthday parties and weekends away. Eventually you’ll all get used to the way things have to be.12. Your second family will be at workYour coworkers will become your family. You’ll be battle tested. And you’ll see everything, process everything, mourn and celebrate everything as a little unit. You’ll love and hate them, and celebrate most holidays by their side.13. You will come to depend upon breakfastIs more important for you than for almost any one else in any other career. Make sure you eat it, even if you do it during your commute. It mi ght be the only chance you get to eat. And try to load up on protein bars or drinks to keep you going when you only have two minutes to eat and no time to chew!14. You will learn the meaning of commitmentProbably the most important thing to ask yourself is how much you actually want this. Nursing isn’t for everyone. It’s a thankless, underappreciated, underpaid profession, but if it’s what you love, you’ll be able to hang in there no matter what. Do a bit of soul searching to find the kind of dedication you’ll need to keep you going during the course of your long career.

What were the principal causes and consequences of the Essay

What were the principal causes and consequences of the Spanish-American War - Essay Example The paper tells that various wars were fought by Cuba in order to gain independence from Spain. Spain held the country as a colony ever since the end of the 19th century. These wars were labeled as the Cuban War of Independence. While these wars were being fought, Cuba’s status was slowly being changed. Slavery was abolished in October 1886 and many of these liberated slaves were able to gain positions as farmers or urban working class employees. These social changes caused rich people to lose their properties, downgrading their status to middle class. A significant amount of money was also flown into Cuba from the US, with amounts reaching almost 50 million dollars. While money was flowing into Cuba, issues on whether the country was US or Spanish territory were raised politically and economically. During the Cuban War of Independence, the last few months of the conflict triggered the bigger Spanish-American War. Spanish colonial policies were revised soon after the country e xperienced two major losses in the colonial wars. These defeats caused the loss of its colonies in the Americas and in the Peninsular Wars. Soon after, the concept of the Spanish empire was being redefined by Spain. Spain’s colonialism can be explained in terms of culture and language. Although oceans separated these territories from each other, their culture and language united them as Spanish colonies. CÃ ¡novas also claimed that Spain was remarkably different from other empires such as Britain, and France. As opposed to these empires, Spain uniquely contributed to spreading civilization to the New World.3 On the other hand, the US also had its own interests in the Caribbean area. According to the US Monroe Doctrine, it would not allow any interference in any states’ issues and goals in expanding their colonies. Interestingly, however, Spanish Cuban colonies were exempted from the statement. For Americans, Cuba has been attracted by offers to be brought from Spain a nd other Americans were also high in ‘their hopes of future annexation’4 of the country. The US government did not however consider the same possibilities for other Spanish colonies like the Philippines, Guam, or Puerto Rico.5 Canovas del Castillo was in charge of Spain’s restoration following the wars and it mandated General Martinez-Campos to control the uprisings in Cuba. The general was however unable to control these insurgent activities; he was then replaced by General Valeriano Weyler who succeeded in stripping the insurgents of their weapons and supplies; he also moved many of the insurgents into reconcentration camps. This move however enraged the US and labeled Spain’s actions as extermination, not civilized warfare.6 Towards the end of the 19th century, various factors eventually came together in the US which established its concerns on overseas expansion. Concerns were also growing on new markets and other sources for its raw material needs7. T he erratic economy of the late 1800s where the US was hit with depression, prompted the US to consider the foreign expansion of its markets. In effect, they saw the foreign market as a market which could take in their industrial and agricultural surpluses at the same time, one which they could also get their raw materials from8. Latin America and the Far East were considered fertile ground for its economic plans. America was however very much aware that in order for it to succeed in its economic expansion plans, it also needed to build a strong navy to protect its interests9. This meant that the US would have to establish its naval bases in the Pacific islands of the Far East, including the Philippines, Guam, and American Samoa10. A canal through Central America would therefore also be necessary for its economic expansion plans. Other elements also came into play in the Spanish-American war. The end of the 19th century also brought about the missionary expansion of American Protesta nt Churches11. These missionaries

Series of questions Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Series of questions - Assignment Example Mucosa layer is a mucous membrane that gets a line in the gut all the way from the mouth towards the anus and contains numerous mucosal glands. It plays a significant role of secreting substances, absorption of digestion end products when they pass through it, as well as protection of the gut wall. It gets composed of three layers; the epithelium, the lamina, and the muscular mucosae. The epithelium layer gets located within the innermost section of the mucosa and made up of stratified squamous epithelium (Petrie, 2007). It has numerous goblet cells and endocrine cells. The goblet cells play the role of secreting mucus guards the gut wall from digestion, and, on the other hand, the endocrine hormone plays the role of secreting hormones into the human blood system. The lamina layer gets located outside the epithelium layer of mucosa and made up of individual tissues known as areolar connective tissue. It has some blood vessels and lymphatic vessels supplying nutrients to this wall and undertaking the absorption of the digestive end products. The muscular mucosae are the outermost layer of the mucosa and have smooth muscles, with the major role of conducting the local movements. The smooth muscles are numerous and, therefore, increase the surface area for absorption by mucosa. Submucosa layer gets loosened connective membrane layer, composed of numerous large blood vessels. It has various lymphatic and nerves with lots of glands that secret mucous. The areolar connective tissues in the submucosa layer get composed of nerve fibers. Submucosa layer plays the major role in giving support to the mucosa, together with joining the mucosa to the bulk of the smooth muscles. Muscularis Externa, also known as muscular propria, is a smooth muscular layer composed of two layers; the inner circular layer and the outer longitudinal layer. The two layers play a role of peristalsis to aid in the movement of food

Chicago-style pizza Essay Example for Free

Chicago-style pizza Essay Pizza is a very common food Item you can find anywhere in New York, it can provide a quick fix if you are hungry but it can also have another purpose. The two most commonly found would be thesis Deep dish1 and New York style2 pizza but I believe the best pizza is home made3 since to me it promotes family togetherness. There are specialties shops like UNO’s that prepare pizza â€Å"Chicago style† which is basically deep dish pizza and has a thicker crust. Deno/des I find the pizza to be doughy and personally I am not too fond of chunky tomatoes in my sauce. In my opinion it seems to fill the pizza more than anything else. Pizza hut and Dominos also provides a deep dish option made differently without the chunky tomato sauce that I find more appealing to my taste that is not Chicago style. While they all can be a family night out for dinner this can at times become routine and boring. The common pizza shop makes a typical pizza pie we are all used to in New York, the â€Å"slice†. deno/des Some make pizza soggy, crunchy, or oily we all have our preferences and typically are drawn to those shops that make it the way we like it. This to me is a quick sit down lunch or dinner with your family, children or child then you are off again to continue your activities. There is no fun to it just becomes routine to grab a quick bite and carry on. In my opinion my personal favorite is making it at home with fresh dough purchased at my local supermarket. Deno/des My daughter helps roll out the dough on the pizza pan with a little flour so it does not stick to the pan. She also helps me shred the mozzarella cheese constantly reminding me to watch my fingers as to not get cut on the shredder. My three year old has already mastered putting the sauce on the pizza, sauce out of the can that is. We place it in the oven and wait. I have to say the bonding that takes place making pizza is priceless and the pizza we create is better than anything you can find anywhere in NYC. This also reminds me of my own childhood making pizza in the same manner with my father, these are the memories you carry on forever. To this day the pizza I made with my father only comes second to the pizza I make with my daughter. Des In conclusion I believe being a single parent myself and raising my 3 year old little girl, I would prefer making homemade pizza. The bonding that comes from the interaction of making a pizza with my daughter from scratch brings back memories of when I was a child making pizza with my parents. Those memories are everlasting. To those who do not have such memories or traditions this is an opportunity to create them while creating memories your child will always remember. The bonding and togetherness from this interaction with your child is something you cannot get from going to your local pizzeria.

Does Young Goodman Brown Achieve Goodness? Essay -- Young Goodman Brow

Does Young Goodman Brown Achieve Goodness?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Nathaniel Hawthorne often emphasizes the ambiguous nature of sin, that good and evil do not exist in parallel with each other but at many times intersect with each other in his fiction. In "Young Goodman Brown," Hawthorne applies what he believes is the virtue of recognizing cosmic irony of taking into account the contradictions inherent in the human condition, to his portrayal of Young Goodman Brown. According to Hawthorne's view, Browns failure to recognize the inherent sinfulness in himself as well as the rest of humanity, results, not in a rewarding life of reveling in righteousness, but in isolation and obscurity. Hawthorne juxtaposes the village of Salem, Massachusetts in the early 1690's, where doctrinal law and Puritan theology rule, with the mystical forest where evil and the supernatural reside to symbolically represent Brown's own misguided perception of the mutual exclusivity of good and evil. Brown connects the world of goodness with his wife Faith, who he believes he is leaving behind in the village while he makes his journey into the wilderness. He describes her as a "blessed angel on earth" to whom he vows to return "after this one night I'll cling to her skirts forever and follow her to heaven"(65, 65). Brown's characterization of Faith indicates that he believes he can travel between the world of sin and the world of goodness and remain unscathed or unchanged by the experience. However, Hawthorne creates the conflict of the ambiguous nature of sin in humanity for Brown with certain key symbols. For instance, Hawthorne uses Faith's pink ribbons, to symbolize the notion that although the world of the village is supposed to be that of goodness and purit... ...able fact that sin is a part of human nature. The inability of Brown and Hilda to recognize Hawthorne's concept that humanity resides not on either the side of evil or the side of virtue, but somewhere in between the two where one can acknowledge one's own sinfulness as well as the sins of humanity, but one can also feel compassion for ones fellow human beings despite the sin, is what causes their weakness. Young Goodman Brown, by not noticing the nature of Faith's pink ribbons and Hilda, by looking at "humanity with angel eyes"(55) rather than with the eyes of a woman, both sacrifice the compassion which would allow them to make meaningful and satisfying connections with their fellow human beings. Works Cited: Hawthorne, Nathaniel. â€Å"Young Goodman Brown.† The Norton Anthology of American Literature. Julia Reidhead. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, Inc. 1998.

Annotated Bibliography: How Is Tv Bad or Good? Essay

How is TV bad/good? Do you learn from watching TV? What shows are best to watch? These are just some of the questions that this annotated bibliography will answer for you and help you decide whether TV is good or bad. This bibliography can be used by anyone who wants to decide if watching TV is good or bad, either for their children, or themselves. Johnson, Steven. â€Å"Watching TV Makes You Smarter.† They Say / I Say With Readings. Ed. Gerald Graff, Cathy Birkenstein, Russel Durst. New York: Norton, 2012. 277-294. Print. The argument in Johnsons article is that media has had to get more cognitively challenging to keep pulling the attention of viewers. He explains how he believes watching television can help make you a smarter person because it makes you use inferences, track relationships, and makes the reader think by tracking multiple threads. He uses examples from several television shows and series that may be affecting our brain activity. He makes many good persuasive points in his argument that TV isn’t necessarily a bad thing, but too much of anything is never a good thing. Peacocke, Antonia. â€Å"Family Guy and Freud: Jokes and Their Relation to the Unconscious.† They Say / I Say With Readings. Ed. Gerald Graff, Cathy Birkenstein, Russel Durst. New York: Norton, 2012. 299-311. Print. Antonia Peacocke describes the difficulty that the television show â€Å"Family Guy† has went through, having been cancelled twice. She describes how the jokes in â€Å"Family Guy† have a more insightful meaning. Peacocke talks about her own struggle with the shows seemingly offensive humor but then how she realizes the underlying â€Å"satire† of the jokes. She sees some of the steps taken due to the fact that the content of some of the jokes are not for younger audiences. She ends her article explaining that she feels that there is more to the jokes on Family Guy than the offensive rudeness that people like to point out, but she still finds that people still need to realize that some jokes do go too far. Stevens, Dana. â€Å"Thinking Outside The Idiot Box.† They Say / I Say With Readings. Ed. Gerald Graff, Cathy Birkenstein, Russel Durst. New York: Norton, 2012. 295-298. Print. Stevens explains in this article that turning off the TV until Sunday will not make you any dumber. She talks about how children are â€Å"fresh meat† for marketing industries and shows like â€Å"Teletubbies†, encourage and teach children the basics of â€Å"vegging† out. She is pointing out that shows on TV do not necessarily always do a person good but quite the opposite. She also demonstrates her frustration that many people think that TV is fine especially when it pertains to a nature show. She describes a recent visit to the airport and there w ere a number of people watching a TV that portrayed animals. It made her realize that watching animal shows are fine, but wonders why people think this when in all reality it could be a violent animal show. She is insisting that there are many people who are offended by many things and each person needs to be sensitive to what they play on their TVs. Zinser, Jason. â€Å"The Good The Bad The Daily Show.† They Say / I Say With Readings. Ed. Gerald Graff, Cathy Birkenstein, Russel Durst. New York: Norton, 2012. 363-379. Print. Zinser sees â€Å"The Daily Show† as a combined form of entertainment that is both beneficial and damaging to society. Beneficial, in that, the show sparks viewer interest in current events, particularly for younger viewers who might not watch so-called real news. Damaging, in that, the show relies on â€Å"deception and dilution† for its platform.

Chinese Typography Study

Typography in Publication Design Chinese Typography Study Training for cultural awareness and sustainability Choi Chi Kit Jackson, Hong Kong Design Institute, Hong Kong, [email  protected] edu. uk Monica Chiu, Hong Kong Design Institute, Hong Kong, [email  protected] edu. hk Sylvia To, Hong Kong Design Institute, Hong Kong, [email  protected] edu. hk Abstract: This paper aims to present the unique quality of Chinese letterforms & characters, and to discuss our approach of teaching Chinese typography as a tool of nurturing cultural awareness and sustainability.Through in-depth research of traditional literature, study the philosophy from past, examine the visual symbols and tangible artifacts in the surrounding at present-day to enable students’ to translate and transform the materials into experimental typographic designs for modern communication. We believed that this is a good method for our future creative talents to engage with traditional value and essence sustainab ility through typography design practice. Key words: cultural awareness, Chinese aesthetics, letterform appreciation, iconic architectural elements, pictogram, philosophy, cultural identity . Introduction Movable types have contributed a major way of communication since the invention of printing. Today, the existence of digital media has drove typography design to a formulaic nature. For Chinese typography, the unique human philosophy contained in writing system enriched our life and soul since it’s developed by ancestors and scholars. However, the reliance of digital media made this distinctive philosophy being disregarded by many design students in Hong Kong.Since ancient time, human civilization reflected and recorded cognition towards their living environment by direct imitation to produce imagery or drawings, for example cave paintings, monumental carving and primitive written symbols. However the direct copying of objects and forms had its limitation when it came to abs tract association of ideologies. During civilization development, languages were formulated and gradually migrated into two different streams: one headed to the direction replacing pictographs with phonetic system all together.Pictographs were soon replaced by alphabets; which the meaning of words were constructed by combinations of different sound, later developed into language system with enormous amount of words. Another different direction was extension from pictograph with phonetic component and the additional association from pictographs. The former was well adopted by western world to become roman alphabets whereas the latter was Chinese characters for Chinese culture. AaBbCcDdEeFfGg Chinese typography constituted a major way of communication for literature and culture sustain.Unlike roman alphabets, the meaning of Chinese characters comes with the unique combination of ancestor’s artifacts, activities, space and sounds in daily life. Even though the representation of Chinese letterforms changed according to human civilization, this unique way of writing system ( Kanzi) still transmit in today’s Chinese characters since oracle bone script been found. Horse ? Herd ? Despite the changes and amendment made along the rise and fall of dynasties, Chinese written language is basically retained with the same ancient artifacts and literature and still in used today.In some sense, we are communicating with our ancestors. ? In this paper we discuss the nature and characteristics of Chinese writing system with the approach of training aims to revitalize this cultural philosophy on contemporary Chinese typography. 2. Design Principles of Chinese Character 2. 1 Traditional Chinese culture in modern design context Chinese arts and crafts development reached its peak as early as Han Dynasty (206 B. C. – 8 A. D. ). Lots of documents have been found such as the Kaogong ji (1) that llustrated and stated rules and dimensions for architecture and deco rative ornaments. These information was however more inclined to the technical aspects of construction and production rather than the design principles and thinking in a modern context. Pages extract from Kaogong ji The closest attempt to design theory and thinking seems to be embedded in the deepest roots of Chinese culture when our ancestors tried to create the primitive form of communication, the Chinese letterforms. This can be trace in the six categories of Chinese Characters, the ‘liushu ’. 2. Generation of Chinese characters Chinese characters evolved basically from pictographs that represent objects, actions, events and sounds since 5000BC. This is distinctive from roman alphabets which the meaning of words comes from a combination of alphabets but not from one single alphabet. Every Chinese character has its own meaning, or even more than one. Various types of character were first classified systematically in Han Dynasty, around 100 AD by the Chinese linguist Xu Shen , whose etymological dictionary ‘Explaining Simple and Analyzing Compound Characters, Shuowen Jiezi, divides the script into six categories, the ‘liushu’. 1. Pictographs ( xiangxingzi) 2. Pictophonetic compounds ( , Xingshengzi) 3. Indicative Characters / Ideograph ( , zh shizi) 4. Associative Characters / Logical aggregates ( , Huiyizi) 5. Associate Transformation ( , Zhu nzhuzi) 6. Borrowing ( , Ji jiezi) We have approximately over 60,000 Chinese characters. Although some strokes were simplified or lost occasionally in the past, Chinese characters are basically is in its stable structure since Qin Dynasty. (2)The 6 categories of Chinese Character (‘liushu’) mention here is an extreme important knowledge for Chinese for maximizing our communication possibility, to serve as guideline for new letterform creation in coherent logic; this can be discussed as similar as western design principles. 3. Chinese Typography Training Today, we are const antly bombarded by excessive visual excitement and information. In the process of coding and decoding visual message, if the origin of Chinese letterform can be well preserved, one can reveal the purest form of visual dialogue for our next generation. Communication depends on common principles -assumptions and meanings, purpose and values – but common meanings can be established only by communication and agreement† (Richard McKeon, 1998). 3. 1 The consequence of traditional and modern Chinese characters Although the unique combination of symbolic marks still exists in modern Chinese letterform, a major problem is modern fonts design concentrate very much on modification of geometrical shapes to relatively simple structure for the needs of digital media.Hence, we see the large gap between the combination of symbolic marks and cultural meanings obtained within. In order to sustain the unique literate and cultural traditions, we believe the co-existing of symbolic marks an d geometrical structure should not be overlooked. Pictogram Oracle Bone script Bronze script Seal script Clerical script Regular script Cursive script Movable type Digital font ? ? Same as many western typography design, our practical guide to Chinese typography training is a combination of origin and new, involved literature review and experimental workshops.Along with our four years coaching experience gone through with the application and interpretation of philosophical notion of Chinese calligraphy emerged with theoretical, aesthetic and contextual approaches. Time Space Social Artefacts ? Literature Cultural People 3. 2 Cultural sustainability Chinese letterform composed of symbolic marks for linguistic and visual communication. It is a significant medium to connect Chinese culture and social ideologies. In this regard, we obtain Chinese typography as perfect channel to facilitate student's creativity as well as literature and cultural knowledge.Literature Review Exper imental Workshops Design for cultural awareness and sustainability. 3. 3 Teaching and learning strategy Our training method consist two main stages: 3. 3. 1 Literature review It is our essential stage to buildup theoretical and methodological brought from ancient Chinese intellects, a practical based training leading students to translate and transform the Chinese calligraphy philosophy into new visual dimensions. 3. 3. 2 Experimental workshops Another approach to learn typography is to forget about typography.By employing experimental graphic treatments, materials and imagery, we hope to further enhanced audience’s emotional and spiritual responds in reading. Through serious of experimental workshops, we facilitate students to explore and experiment new visual codes. Through our practice-based research project fused with theory and medium in all kinds, we established new aesthetic perspective and approach that manifests the fusion of cultural and functional qualities for con temporary Chinese typography design.Eventually, increase the awareness of cultural sustainability. Literature review Experimental workshops Learning process Origin ? Translate ? Transform + Learning process Explore ? Experiment To demonstrate the idea how we embrace literature and cultural knowledge as well as facilitating students’ Chinese typography creativity, our learning contents and work examples will be further discussed. Student’s examples will be show to demonstrate our academic achievements including the awarded projects in national competition. 3. Learning Contents 3. 4. 1 Fundamental Principles of Chinese Letterform Chinese calligraphy is an expression of innermost spirit of one’s well-being. Calligraphy appreciation enriches viewers experience through acknowledge of one's expressive strokes, shapes and structure. In the past, painter and calligraphers has a common practice to developed skills begun by imitating works from great masters. The exercise shown here was intended to revisit, rethink and embrace the very fundamental principles of Chinese writing system.By respecting the origin to establish new forms, and be free to give personality to that form. Exercise: Calligraphy in practice Knowledge: principles of writing order, 8 strokes theory, 34 grid systems, origin of Chinese calligraphy, personality, express, control. Technique: structure, strokes, form, shapes, and grid. Learning process: Origin 3. 4. 2 Letterform and Chinese Philosophy Chinese Yin-yang philosophy used to describe how polar opposites or seemingly contrary forces are interconnected and interdependent in the natural world, and how they give rise to each other in turn.The Yin-yang concept is not opposing force, but complementary opposites that interact within a greater whole, as part of a dynamic system of equilibrium. Chinese typography consists of Yin-yang philosophy within. Elements of each letterform are in placed within a grid system of 34 different for mats. Everything is organized in a right position of perfect balance. Yin-yan Examples of Chinese letterform ? ? ? ? ? Symmetrical Balance Asymmetrical balance Stability Visible & invisible Spacing Fullness and emptiness Balance and sense of space Balance and hierarchyIn this content, students were asked to learn historical knowledge of Chinese calligraphy and principles of Chinese letterform design. Through extensive exploration and experiments to develop, translate and transform the principles into modern typography design. The training is to nurture the appreciation of aesthetic quality of Chinese letterform. 3. 4. 3 Simplified type strokes and forms Although there are straight structure and format for standard characters, designers still have flexibility during actually implementation of Chinese characters (Junior school teachers may disagree with this).Since Chinese characters are the graphic representation of what we see in real world, there is no absolute right or wrong compo sition of letterform. In fact the development of script has reflect this flexibility: pictographs > metal script>seal script >clerical script >regular script, not to mention the drastic change from Traditional Chinese to Simplified. Letter strokes and composition are continuously morphing and altering over time. Historically, it is a visual game which artists play around with the forms and strokes for visual interest such as , , . Today, these hrases are still in use in our ordinary life such as paper cut, red banners for blessing; embroidery, furniture and architecture for decoration†¦ So, almost every character has its own meaning or a story to tell. The following examples demonstrated how Chinese characters can be read as graphic forms with an intentional to remove strokes and emerge two or more forms together to become new composition. Viewers are amused by the tricks, and enjoy the process of reading and decoding the design. And we believed that this can be a good appeti zer for students to start off the feast of Chinese Typography.For this content, students were asked to play with their own Chinese names by simplifying strokes and forms. They may find it confusing in the beginning but soon discover the fun of â€Å"being wrong†. Strokes were removed deliberately but the principle is that the characters could still be read and be understood. The process includes reduce strokes ? add weight ? use counter space ? align grid ? create style. The experimental exercises show below demonstrated how students examine the equilibrium philosophy with strokes from Chinese name.Through practicing the principles as first step, several techniques were employed (Diagram 1-5). Next, students were asked to come up with a suitable idiom or phase that can well express the visual quality from previous design, finally translate and transform the visual approach and ordinary letterform to new image structure (Diagram 6). Exercise: Type structure Knowledge: structur e, strokes, grid, form, shapes, space, yin-yang philosophy. Technique: eliminate elements, graphic treatment, Visible & invisible space, positive & negative association, counter space, form and deform, distortion, grouping, illusion, positive and negative space, fullness and emptiness, visual balance in strokes, counter-space, the subtle interchangeable black and white marks Learning process: Origin > Translate > Transform 3. 4. 4 Characteristics from materials Chinese characters are pictogram compose with symbolic marks of artifacts to become the foundation of our culture, however people today are often ignore the beauty and stories behind. The beauty of such simple geometrical form revealed the culture, activities, space, sound or motion of daily life at the time.Each letterform build within a grid contained a story, a connotation or more. If Chinese characters are originally invented by our ancestor with an instinct to be survive, why can’t we create typography from ignor ing everything about typography? Psychologists suggested that human being is capable of internally organizing and representing aspects of his environment, and this representation or map is subject to continuous change and revision. Each time this cognitive map is changed or reinforced that can be said to have ‘learned’. (Kerry J.McGarry, 1981). Our following exercise requires students to examine the properties of various materials and explore the possibility to create Chinese characters which convey message in both visual and language. Through the assignments, students were asked to keep repeat testing by manipulating materials. Our workshop for this particular topic consists of two stages: 1. 2. By playing with physical materials to examine and explore the possible appearances or performance Observe to discover the human physiological reaction against the experimental workSoftness within hardness explores the physical property of bamboo stick Cloth ? , surround ? , pe netrate ? , stand ? , Rise ? , transparent ? , roll ? The above works demonstrated our process to obtain human physiological reaction through materials. The collected information and experiments such as textual elements or visual appearance will be transformed and developed into typography that can convey a message with physiological response. Exercise: Play with materials Experiments: materials, texture, objects, etc.Techniques: flat laying, top-up, layering, reduce/destroy, add on or attach, transparent, marks or scare, positive & negative space, lighting & shadow, 2D or 3D, physical & chemical reaction, interaction, alternation, etc. Learning process: Explore > Experiment 3. 4. 5 Artefacts This is another experimental workshop attempted to challenge the functional aspect of letterforms. If Chinese characters concealed imagery of artefacts for functional communication for humane society, we doubted if this communication still serve effectively? Would this be a communication gap be tween ancient time and modern world?Can this problem be fixed by rediscovering the elements consisted in our present time? In this exercise, students were asked to discover their own letterform story through image capture. Students were asked to capture the expressive cultural artefacts or physical environment, with those elements found from existing place and time, a contemporary letterform is possibly formulated. Exercise: Type finding Exploration: cultural artifacts, icon, architecture, humanity, society. Technique: photography, discover, observation. Learning process: Explore > Experiment 4. Type design inspired by ‘liushu’ 4. 1.Pictographic Characters ( xiangxingzi): Strokes and structure VS iconic elements and symbols Pictograph, also known as pictogram to conveys its meaning through pictorial illustration of a physical object. The forms of these Chinese characters can be linked and associated directly to the physical objects such as Horse, Fish, Sun and Moon ( ). As highly simplified graphic representation of objects, motion and stories, a scene of drama all frozen into a still frame, all these dialogue, props, lights and textures are condensed into graphic strokes. The beauty of culture is locked into the visual codes of each letterform.When we believe that Chinese characters are frozen images of drama/stories, the best way to unfreeze them is by placing them back to the physical/material world. There has no necessity to create additional visual elements if they are already out there in the real world. Perhaps all we have to do is to re-discover them again. In this exercise, students were asked to create their typeface through captured image of iconic structures and cultural artifacts of architecture, temples, street scenes, Chinese restaurant, local tea shops, road signs, ritual materials, and any thing relates to our heritage and culture.Students will then ask to identify the patterns and images until the basic visual elements can be rev ealed. A new letterform will be formulated and developed with those elements they found. Students were also encourage to study the pictorial origins and stories of Chinese characters, experiment to decode all underlining meanings, almost like an archaeologist interpreting the prehistoric world of life with unearthed fossils. (Left to Right) Light ? , Hole ? , Bamboo Scaffolding Light ? : It depicted the simplest form of light beam that created the strokes radiated from the center point.Hole ? : There had no stroke in the word. The form was generated with layers of corrugated boards that created the depth of a hole. Bamboo Scaffolding : The student studied thoroughly the materials and structure that construct the unique characteristics of the bamboo scaffolding. All elements were reduced to their basic forms such as the bamboo sticks, tiding strings, broken pieces, dirt and objects around the building site. Viewers could associate the visual structure of the typeface with the conte xt of the design immediately. Left) visual elements (Right) Temple Temple : The student took a lot of photos at an old temple to grasp the detail of the ancient architectural style of Chinese buildings such as censer, stone carving lion and pagodas that reflected not only the life style of ordinary people, but also their religious beliefs. With these unique visual elements, student was able to formulate the letterform of primitive, simplicity of rich textural quality typography. 4. 2 Indicative Characters / Ideograph ( zh shizi) The indicative characters are used to express things that are abstract in meaning. They may be purely abstract symbols that indicate directions, or symbols will be added to pictographic characters to indicate abstract nature of matters. Examples are Chinese words indicating above, beneath, concave and convex. ( ) In this content, students will have to experiment with different materials with textual properties, conditions and mood to see how they can be co nnected to represent the meaning of Chinese characters. In the history of Chinese ainting, there is a famous saying of â€Å"One will be enlightened in inner-self if one can learn from the greater nature in one’s surrounding. † (3) It is to get rid of the computer table and go out to discover the origin and beauty of nature. (Left to Right) Trapped ? , Diffuse ? , Concave ? , look ? 4. 3 Pictophonetic compounds ( , Xingshengzi): Another category of character is a pictophonetic compound, which is to have one component to indicate the type or meaning of word, named as radical, while the other component to indicate the pronunciation of the word. ( This increases largely the possible combination of words, and nearly 90% of Chinese words used nowadays are created as pictophonetic compounds. This category can sometimes indicate the relationship between words with the same radical, and makes classification of characters very efficient. Here is an interesting student’s experimental work for lyrics design of Chinese Opera (Cantonese Opera). Traditional Chinese music notes is embedded into the lyrics characters. Music notes become the strokes of the letterform, and the length and distance between characters indicate the rhythm of the song.The design integrates the sounds with the meaning of characters, and reveals the aesthetics of traditional Chinese calligraphy. 4. 4 Associative Characters / Logical aggregates ( , Huiyizi) Pictograph is a very effective medium of communication for indicating physical objects and visual materials, but it has its own limitation when comes to abstract concepts and ideologies. Instead of switching completely phonetic system, our ancestors created flexible manipulation of the formation of letterforms so as to enrich the complexity of Chinese and allow broad dimensions of communication.To express abstract concepts, they created the associative characters that put two or more pictographic characters together to describe an action, or something abstract. ( ) For example the character â€Å"illuminate† is the combination of two pictographs of sun and moon, which are obviously the biggest illuminating objects at that time. The character ‘? ’ is the pictographs of one man after another showing the meaning of follow / by. (Left to Right) Stack ? , Wrong ? , Sun-drying of Clothes The students’ works above show the creativity of making logical aggregates through objects and letterforms.Stack ? : by piling up a stack of corrugated boards, the form and appearance of the material associate the image with the meaning of the word ‘stack’. Wrong ? : The symmetric image of the character is created by a strong contrast of ‘black & white’ colour. This also depicts the meaning of ‘right & wrong’ carried by the Chinese character. ( ) Sun drying of clothes : The design captures very common street scenery in Hong Kong where people dry their laundry ou tside public estates. The clothes form the shape of Chinese characters.Viewers can understand the meaning of the words even they do not understand the Chinese words. 5. Pictogram with Chinese Aesthetics and Chinese Philosophy Traditional Chinese intellects enrich one’s literate spirit through practicing calligraphy and painting. It is an expression of innermost beauty of one's integral soul of balanced lifestyle. Calligraphy enriches the intellectual capacity of viewers through appreciation of expressive quality of strokes, shapes and structure that extends to acknowledgement of one's well being.Chinese painters spent their life to reveal their spirit and emotion through the use of ink, washes and impressionistic brushstrokes. Both components of black and white shared the same level of importance. Realism is never their aim, and sometimes the negative space is the message. Like landscape painting, masters drew their landscape freely with changeable perspectives, and white spa ce is used to suggest distance. â€Å"The nature is an entity as ONE, and then separated into wind, rain and four seasons. The brightness and darkness, high and low, close by and far away, the peak of imitation is between alike and unlike. (Shi Tao, 1642–1718) (4) The surrealistic and impressionistic nature of Chinese arts provides a perfect laboratory for student’s exploration of Chinese typography. Below example shows how Chinese calligraphy reflects Chinese philosophy of yin-yang positive & negative, fullness & emptiness to works hand in hand with another significant art form carried from Chinese painting. Through the necessary process from studying literature and ideologies of the ancient time, he attempted to extract and translate those beliefs and principles into graphic rules and visual principles.The exercise offered students a good opportunity to test extensively if the rules and principles are versatile and applicable. (Left) Typographic poster of a Chinese poem (Right) Traditional Chinese Landscape Painting It is human instinct to gain knowledge from the past for the needs of improvement. When we learn that iushu is the traditional ways of creating meaningful and comprehensive characters, we start to think that may be we can employ similar principles to create new characters for things that do not exist in the past.Or maybe we can take advantage of the constructional nature of Chinese character to create new letterforms through imagination. For words or objects with more than one meaning, or with ambiguous meaning, they will lead to subjective interpretation. (Paul Rand, 1985) Nowadays young generation is so used to the ‘Martian language’ online which is a new language based on traditional Chinese. The principle of creating that language is amazingly similar to those developed from liushu. A good example is the borrowing of a long-term unused character ? for a helpless facial expression.Seemingly, the principle of charact er creation developed over long period of time is already embedded in our DNA and influence every move we make. In the last session, we are going to present our student’s contributions on typography design with their enthusiasm on cultural phenomenon. The essential and efficiency for adapting typography principles into contemporary of representation were successfully demonstrated. Night Street: With highly developed and sophisticated transport network in Hong Kong, paved highways and roads were built to serve the needs of busy local economy 24 hours a day.No other place would witness this unique energetic transportation, bustling bridges and highway nightlife on earth. Street lamps and vehicle lights mark the night and become the energetic strokes that reveal the scenic impression of a cosmopolitan city. (Left) Joss paper . (Right) Awful Taoist incantation Joss paper : Paper offering is a common tradition in Hong Kong during funerals, festivals and special occasions to ensu re the well being of the deceased and ancestor.Joss paper, also known as ghost money, a traditional handmade paper product, which is decorated with seals, stamps, engraved designs or other motifs. The type was created by the rich texture and quality of the ritual paper products with visual elements interacting with original strokes to unfold this cultural distinctiveness in a contemporary approach. Awful Taoist incantation : The original meaning of the phrase means poor works of calligraphy that is difficult to read and understand. The design employs the traditional symbol of incantation and combines it with new online languages used by youngster nowadays.This is a good example showing the potential of bringing new life to our tradition especially when we know that we are sharing the common language with our ancestors. (Left) Chinese Input Method (Right) Rock’N roll against the organizational system Chinese Input Method : In modern digital world, unlike using roman alphab ets, Chinese have to type in characters with different input methods (Cangjie, Pinyin, Jianyi) They are dictated by the keyboard format and the graphic form of characters, both of which are unrelated to the original meaning of the characters.This design challenges the idea by creating the letterforms with keyboard radicals, and the results are semireadable, between alike and unlike. Rock’N roll against the organizational system : All Chinese characters are the results of different composition with 8 basic strokes. This provides the possibility to decompose and recompose the strokes to generate new letterforms. This design decomposes the strokes of the words ‘organizational system’ and recomposed into ‘Rock & Roll’ in Chinese, so as to demonstrate the conflicts between the two forces. (Left) Suppression in Childhood Right) Fourth of June Suppression in Childhood : The big rectangular shape in Chinese character always conveys the meaning of trap, s urround and block. The design employs this symbol as a metaphor of suppression in childhood where all letters written by the child is surrounded and blocked, no matter they are about study, games, toys, friends, examination, dreams, and etc. Fourth of June : The design makes good use of the characteristic of Chinese characters that the combination of strokes is quite flexible and sometimes could be quite ambiguous.The words of ‘Six’ and ‘Four’ are mixed with ‘Patriotism’ and ‘Riot’ intentionally to post a question â€Å"Is 4th of June an patriotic action or a riot? † 6. Conclusion If we see typography as a powerful tool of visual communication, the unique visual quality of Chinese typography could definitely empower the creativity of designers, and enrich the communicative value of text. Typography can do a lot more than just providing a comfortable and legible platform for message delivery.By creative manipulation of Chine se character, viewers can firstly look at the visuals at textual material, and then look through the visuals to discover the underlying concepts embedded inside with the clever correlation with culture and information. It can prepare readers by setting the right context and atmosphere, and enhance the meaning and impact of message. We have described our complete approach for Chinese typography training. Our philosophy of Chinese typography training has been proven effective to facilitate heritage concept and necessary information in typography design. Image and text are the two major lements in visual communication. For Chinese typography, letterform composes both elements in an entity. With this unique communication quality, Chinese typography is a perfect medium to bridge the traditional Chinese cultural to the modern world of communication. Although it is no easy task for young generation to understand the knowledge in full, with our enthusiastic to embrace heritage and creativit y into Chinese typography, students gradually develop and grow themselves from aesthetic appreciation and eventually sustain the cultural identity for Hong Kong. Footnotes: 1. Kaogong ji sometimes translated as Book of Diverse Crafts, is a classic work on science and technology in Ancient China, compiled towards the end of the Spring and Autumn Period. 2. Being pictographs, the graphic forms of characters are good for story telling and readers can â€Å"guess† the meaning of words by simply looking into the graphic forms. However Simplified Chinese Style drastically reduced total number of characters by combining words of similar pronunciation, and simplified the letterform by removing strokes, but the characters lost the quality of storytelling because they are not longer pictographs. . , ( ) 4. , , ( , 1642–1718) References Richard McKeon (1998) Selected Writings of Richard McKeon, Vol. 1, Philosophy, Science and Culture. McKeon, Zahava K. , and William G. Swen son, eds. University of Chicago Press. Kerry J. McGarry, (1981) The Changing Context of Information: An Introductory Analysis. Clive Bingley. Paul Rand (1985) A Designer’s Art, Yale University Press.

Making a Great Impression Part 1 Tips for Job and Scholarship Applications

Making a Great Impression Part 1 Tips for Job and Scholarship Applications Are you applying for a job or scholarship? The following list of pitfalls to avoid apply to *all* aspects of the process: resumes, cover letters, essays, and even your interview and thank you note. Here are The Essay Experts first 5 tips to help you distinguish yourself from the competition 6-10 coming soon! 1. Not answering the question If an employer or committee asks a question, be sure to answer it! They ask questions in part to hear your answers, and in part to make sure you can follow instructions and stay focused. Sometimes you can answer the question in a creative way, but make sure you have a professional review your answer (for interviews, practice this skill before the actual interview!). The perfect essay or interview response answers the question and shows off your key strengths and accomplishments. 2. Exceeding the word or page limit Your application can get thrown out if you do not comply with the word and page limits. Do not take that chance! There is no point in writing a brilliant essay if it never gets read. Would you rather write 511 words that never get read or 500 words that do? If you are having trouble staying within the word and page limits provided, work with an expert to help you concisely say everything you want to say. Practice concise verbal answers too before you get to your interview! 3. Pointing out why you do not qualify for the position Why would you highlight the reasons an employer would not want to hire you, or the reasons why someone else might be a better recipient of that scholarship? Many applicants make that very mistake. You can be sure that the people reading your application or sitting across from you in an interview already know what?s missing from your application ? they have seen your resume. If they are talking to you, it means they are willing to overlook some of your weak points. Showcase your strengths so that the committee trusts you to do the job even if you don?t meet every qualification on paper. 4. Bragging While you do not want to speak negatively about yourself, you also do not want to brag. A caveat: Many people think they are bragging and they are not; they are just stating their accomplishments. However, sometimes an essay or interview response can sound too self-congratulatory, even to someone wanting to hear about your best. The best policy is to provide facts that demonstrate something extraordinary about your accomplishments. You may want to hire someone to help you strike a balance between selling yourself and going overboard with self-praise. 5. Making grammatical and spelling errors Employers and committees want candidates to demonstrate attention to detail and the ability to communicate effectively. Grammatical and spelling errors demonstrate the lack of these abilities. Slow down in an interview so that you sound professional. And never submit a resume, essay or application without having an expert review it! Your investment will give you peace of mind and unprecedented results. Go to The Essay Experts Services and Rates page to make sure your writing and interviewing skills will make a good impression! Stay tuned for Making a Great Impression Part 2 More Tips for Effective Job and Scholarship Applications

Definition of a Reaction Intermediate

Definition of a Reaction Intermediate An intermediate or reaction intermediate is a substance formed during a middle step of a chemical reaction between reactants and the desired product. Intermediates tend to be extremely reactive and short-lived, so they represent a low concentration in a chemical reaction compared with the amount of reactants or products. Many intermediates are unstable ions or free radicals. Example in a chemical equation: A 2B → C E The steps could be A B → C DB D → E The D chemical would be an intermediate chemical. A real-world example of chemical intermediates are oxidizing radicals OOH and OH found in combustion reactions. Chemical Processing Definition The term intermediate means something different in the chemical industry, referring to a stable product of a chemical reaction that is then used as a starting material for another reaction. For example, benzene and propylene may be used to make the intermediate cumene. Cumene is then used to make phenol and acetone. Intermediate vs Transition State An intermediate is different from a transition state in part because an intermediate has a longer lifetime than a vibrational or transition state.

The Island of Palm - USA and Netherland Case Study

The Island of Palm - USA and Netherland - Case Study Example United States came to know about their consideration when a functionary of United States travelled to the Island of Palmas, in 1906. As the island had already been ceded to the United States by Spain based on which the United States laid claim over reign over the island. This was informed to the Netherlands by the United States so as to solve the case diplomatically through mutual agreement. However, the island had been possessed by Netherlands for more than 200 years which led the the Dutch Government to claim sovereignty over the island. Netherlands was informed about the Treaty of Paris in 1899 but that could not let the country to observe the boundary line of the Philippines. The United States and the Netherlands submitted the claims regarding the issue of possession of the island to the Permanent Court of Arbitration as both the parties could not reach to an agreement bilaterally (The Island of Palmas, The Hague Justice Portal). For the arbitration of the case submitted, the Swi ss Lawyer, Max Huber was appointed with the agreement of both the countries.2 This paper critically analyses the claims laid by the parties, the proceedings of the case and the decision of arbitrator regarding which state owns the Island of Palms territory. The United States laid claim over sovereignty of the island through legitimate treaties as being the country which was ceded the island from its discoverer that is Spain. Whereas, Netherlands claimed that there is still no evidence of discovery or any other kind of possession of island by Spain. Since Netherlands have exercised the sovereignty over the island since year 1677, so even if Spain had acquired a title of ownership by discovering the island, such title has essentially been lost. The claim laid by the United States was based on cession of the island by the one who first saw the island and

Db4 Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Db4 - Research Paper Example Employees like receiving feedback regularly hence it is very crucial for the manager to constantly provide feedbacks to the employees. Feedbacks help to solve problems before they become too complex (McKirchy 2008, 92). Managers must engage the employees during evaluation of their performance. Managers must regularly talk to the employees throughout the year during the evaluation process. The engagement must be mutual aimed at reinforcing employees’ development. Improvement of performance appraisal also entails using employees’ self-appraisal before the performance appraisal. This makes performance discussion easier since both the employee and the manager have ideas of the forthcoming discussions. According to Attorney (2007, 122), effective performance appraisal must trust the employees to perform the correct thing. Performance goals are critical in performance appraisal but the most important factor is how to set the goals. The manager must set goals in a way that trusts and reinforces employee’s ability to accomplish the set goals. Performance appraisal must support empowerment of employees and their ability to accomplish the necessary steps of accomplishing the set goals. The manager should implement the above five steps in order to improve the value of performance

Explain how the U.S. attitude towards European integration has evolved Essay

Explain how the U.S. attitude towards European integration has evolved between 1945 and the enlargement of the EU to 25 members in 2004 - Essay Example The growth of European unity from a six nation trading block in the 1940s to the 25 nation political, military and economic confederation that exists today has been accompanied by a similar evolution in America’s attitude toward the integration of Europe. There are as many reasons for the US to view the European Union as a threat as there are to view it as a beneficial force. Economically, the EU exceeds the US in population and therefore has the potential to become an economic rival, if it has not done so already. The extent to which the EU has come to coordinate common defense policies and structures also poses a potential challenge to NATO, the primary vehicle by which the US has been able to project military influence throughout the world. Further, a key factor precipitating European integration has been an anti-Americanism born of Europe’s desire to become independent from US influence and to stand on the same stage in exerting its own geo-political influence. Ultimately, the official position of the United States has generally been positive toward the European integration project that has taken place over the past several decades. Official American foreign policy has commonly encouraged and praised European efforts to form cooperative economic, political and military institutions to which its constituent nations subscribe. Nevertheless, the challenge that a unified Europe poses for the United States has made unofficial attitudes somewhat less enthusiastic. In the end, whether American attitudes toward European integration are positive or negative will depend largely on whether Europe rises to become a true global challenge to the U.S. World War II devastated Europe and provided an impetus for the concept of integration as a pragmatic approach to avoiding similar destructive conflicts in the future. Making the countries of Europe economically interdependent, starting with the traditionally fiercest antagonists, France and

Management Of Urban Green Spaces Environmental Sciences Essay

Management Of Urban Green Spaces Environmental Sciences Essay In recent decades there has been an increase in urbanisation and urban sprawl, which has resulted in a decline of green spaces, especially in urban areas. Urban green spaces include parks, play areas, areas specifically intended for recreational use, private gardens, and urban woodlands. More generally, they are areas of land that consist of permeable surfaces such as grass, trees and soil (Dunnett et al 2002). Increasing urbanisation contributes towards a degradation of the natural environment, as developments are overtaking rural areas at an increasingly rapid rate. Furthermore, this will have an impact on climate change, as less green space increases the effects of global warming, and other environmental issues, such as a higher risk of flooding due to lack of green space. This causes social problems as less green space creates health problems. This leads to economic problems, for instance, it is expensive to recover from disasters such as flooding. Therefore careful and sustainab le management of urban green spaces is especially important for social, environmental and economic reasons. The aim of the following essay is to discuss critically the environmental, economic and social aspects of managing urban green spaces. In order to achieve this aim the essay will be split into three main sections. Section one will look at the characteristics of the environmental problem and who is affected by them, linking this into how environmental problems create economic problems. Section two will look at what is and what could be done to address these problems, such as new forms of green spaces. It will also look at the economic aspects of these courses of action and the economic valuation of urban green spaces. It will argue that making a city greener can increase its economic performance, and lead to sustainable economic growth. However, the final part of the essay will challenge this, arguing that creating urban green spaces may not be the best solution for economic sustainability. Finally, the conclusions reached are that there needs to be a well managed balance of green and built areas in cities for sustained economic growth. Market failures in the urban land market Today we realise that we must protect networks of open space (Benedict and McMahon 2002:3). Regarding natural resource use, market forces determine the choices people make. However, resources such as urban green spaces do not have securely enforced or defined property rights which cause a lack of markets. Therefore, environmental resources cannot be directly traded in an open market, which leads to externality problems. Thus, due to market failures the full costs of urbanisation are not represented in the private costs (Panayotou 2000). The structure of the market means the private costs of using environmental resources, such green spaces, is zero (Gwartney et al 2000). Therefore producers have no incentive to protect environmental resources (Cropper and Griffiths 1994). To illustrate this problem of environmental externalities Pigou (2009) used the example of a company who builds a factory in a residential area and thus destroys some of the amenities of the neighbouring sites. The result is that the company sells its products at a lower price than the full costs felt by th e society. Consequently, as a result of these market failures there has been a rapid increase of urbanisation and urban sprawl without efficient land-use planning, and conservation of green spaces. Nationally, urban areas consist of approximately 14% green space (Comber et al 2008). However, the United Nations in 2001 estimated that in Europe the level of urbanisation will increase to almost 80% by 2015, which will result in a further loss of urban green spaces (cited in Tzoulasa et al 2007). Environmental amenities are usually ignored by urban planners, resulting in a shrinking of urban green spaces as they have gradually been taken over by urban development (Kong et al 2007). This level of urban growth presents challenges for tackling environmental issues such as climate change and biodiversity (Tzoulasa et al 2007). Less green space increases the effects of global warming, which is especially important in cities where the mean pollution levels are higher. Urbanisation replaces green spaces with impermeable built surfaces which causes negative environmental effects as green spaces provide rainwater interception and infiltration, evaporative cooling and shading functions (Gill et al 2007). Furthermore, urban areas can be up to 7 °c hotter than the surrounding countryside (Hilliam 2010). The concentration of buildings and paved surfaces creates higher temperatures, which is known as the heat island effect (Dunnett et al 2002). Furthermore, built environments restrict wind flow which in turn restricts the dispersal of pollutants, resulting in even higher air-pollution levels (Morancho 2003). It is important to tackle these issues as in 2003, during the Eur opean summer heat wave, 35,000 lives were lost (Gill et al 2007). Moreover, tackling environmental issues in urban areas is increasingly important as in 2001 nearly eight of every ten people in the United Kingdom lived in urban areas (Pointer 2005:46). Consequently, a higher population and an increase of built surfaces, means urban areas are where climate change impacts will be mostly felt (Gill et al 2007). This also has economic impacts as a lack of green space can increase the costs of public infrastructure and services such as, flood control and storm water management (Goode 2006). Furthermore, a lack of green spaces was often seen to be the main motive for people leaving the city, as they moved to the urban fringe for more green space (Van-Herzele and Wiedemann 2003). The result is economic decline as people move out of urban areas, which creates lower property values, attracting less wealthy people. This makes it hard to secure investment or attract and retain business in the area. A lack of green space also has negative impacts on tourism as fewer people will want to visit the area (Crompton 2001). Furthermore, a lack of green space creates health issues which are costly for the economy as an unhealthy society increases the costs of health care to UK tax payers (Mell 2008). There is a shortage of green space for example; in Greater Manchester the proportion of tree cover is fairly low, with an average of 12% cover, and 16% in urbanised Greater Manchester (Gill et al 2007). The next part of the essay will discuss how to tackle these environmental and economic problems. Solution to the problem Urban green spaces have many benefits which can be divided into market benefits and non-market benefits. Non-market benefits fall into three categories: use, option and existence value. Option value occurs when the future benefits are uncertain and depletion of the resource is irreversible. Existence value refers to the knowing the resource exists, and use value is from the direct use of the resource. Total value is the sum of all three. Thus, urban green spaces have existence value, and direct use value, such as recreational use. Furthermore, urban green spaces create consumer surplus, as the cost of using urban green spaces is usually free (Goodstein 2010). These benefits highlight the need to protect urban green spaces. Moreover, the issues discussed above further raise the need for protection and allocation of urban green spaces. In 2004-2005 local authorities in the UK spent an estimated  £700 million on renovating and maintaining urban green spaces (Comber et al 2008). Furthermore, Londons draft Climate Change Adaptation Strategy in 2010 (online), proposes that there is a need to increase the citys green spaces by creating small parks, which will help to absorb rain on wet days and cool the city on hot days (Bulkeley and Betsill 2003). Urban green spaces can also help to reduce pollution and act as sinks for carbon dioxide which is a major contributor to global warming (Dunnett et al 2002). In cities, gardens and parks absorb carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, which mainly come from private vehicles (Morancho 2003). Vegetation reduces air pollution by absorbing pollutants in the air, and by intercepting particulate matter. Hence the pollution of a car driven 60 miles per day can be offset by only 20 trees. Green spaces also reduce the urban heat island effect by shading heat absorbing surfaces and through evapotranspirational (ET) cooling. Evidence has shown vegetation can lower wall surface temperatures by up to 17 °C (McPherson 1994). This will ensure economic sustainability as less money will be needed to recover from natural disasters and climate change impacts. Thus, green spaces are multifunctional, as regenerating a park may increase tourism and reduce pollution levels (Hilliam 2010, Goode 2006). In a congested environment, existence of greenery within residential zones will improve air quality. This creates social benefits from direct use such as recreation and health benefits as a higher proportion of green space and less air pollution is associated with better population health (Popham and Mitchel 2007). This results in economic sustainability as healthier communities work longer hours, take less sick days and cost less money in health benefits (Goode 2006). Bird (2004 cited in Tzoulasa et al 2007) found that if people live closer to green space then they are more likely to undertake physical activity, which would save the UKs National Health Service up to  £1.8million a year. Moreover, inactivity in children often results in inactive adults, which costs the economy approximately  £8.2billion (Tzoulasa et al 2007). Therefore, protecting and creating green spaces ensures there is economic sustainability through a healthier society (Amati and Taylor 2010). Urban green spaces can act as catalysts for wider economic benefits, such as increases in property prices, attracting and retaining businesses and attracting tourists to urban areas. This is a key part of the solution for economic growth as urban green spaces makes cities more desirable and this can result in local economic stimulation (Dunnett et al 2002). Green amenities attract the highly skilled, who pursue a higher standard of living and quality of life, Florida (2002) describes how green spaces can attract creative class workers and the businesses that hire them. Employers locate in areas where the skilled want to live and this further attracts skilled workers, high-end restaurants and retail stores. Therefore, urban green spaces can raise a citys economic growth. Cities with more skilled workers experience an increase in population, house price and wages. Additionally, people who are highly educated will also be more likely to support investments for environmental protection a nd are usually willing to pay higher prices for environmental quality. Furthermore, a greener city will also have an insurance against recessions as the city remains attractive and people still want to live there. This will pull other industries into the area over time. Therefore, it is important to protect existing urban green spaces. Londons Green Belt is an example of an attempt to reduce development in order to improve the environment by restricting housing supply (Kahn 2006). The Mayor of London has also set targets to plant 10,000 more street trees by 2012, and enhance up to 1,000 hectares of green space (Environmental Agency 2010). This will help to build a good reputation of the area, which enables the community to grow economically, without damaging the environment, and simultaneously creating a desirable place to live for present and future generations (Benedict and McMahon 2002). Additionally, new methods, such as green roofs have been developed to increase green space in urban areas. Green roofs are the roof of a building that is covered by vegetation, the most common being turf roofs. They have several purposes which are similar to urban green space in general such as cooling the heat island effect and absorbing rainwater. They also provide insulation and create habitats for wildlife. The benefits can therefore be divided into private and public benefits. Private economic benefits include saving energy cost and an increase in roof life. Public benefits include storm-water management (Dunnett and Kingsbury 2004). Green roofs are particularly useful in cities that are dense with large populations such as London or Tokyo. London now has a green roof policy and other cities and areas in the UK are developing similar approaches to developing green roofs. However, currently there is only one green roof in Manchester; therefore there is a need to create more green spaces in the form of green roofs (Carter and Fowler 2008). These trends raise the need for green space protection and allocation, which in turn requires estimation of the value of green spaces (Kong et al 2007). Due to their lack of values expressed in monetary terms, green spaces are often not considered in cost-benefit analyses of urban planning policies. Furthermore, it is the failure of the market system, as discussed above, which creates the need for economic measures to value environmental services and guide policymaking (Freeman 1993). Several methods have been developed to value non-market amenities such as the travel cost method, the contingent valuation method (CVM) and the hedonic pricing models. The hedonic pricing method uses house prices to quantify environmental amenities by how much consumers are willing to pay. The hedonic pricing model is a revealed preference method and is based actual behaviour in the market. Properties have many characteristics which reflect the selling prices such as housing structure, neighbourhood and environmental amenities. The monetary value of each characteristic is calculated by observing the differences in the market price of housing sharing the same attributes. Once all the characteristics are collected the next step is to measure the portion of the property price for each characteristic (Boyle and Kiel 2001). By using the hedonic pricing method the value of green spaces can be estimated from actual behaviour in the market (Kong et al 2007). Hedonic valuation can also be applied to retail situations as people are willing to pay about ten percent more for products in greener shopping areas (Miller and Wise 2004:90). The value of urban green spaces can also be an important factor for affecting property prices. There is evidence which suggests urban green spaces can have a positive impact on house prices. There is usually a shortage of land in urban areas, and therefore proximity to urban green spaces has a positive impact on property values, while proximity to negative impacts such as highways reduces property values, as it is desirable to live close to a park, especially in city centres where demand for land is high (Tajima 2003). The demand for a property increases which raises the price of those properties. Numerous studies have shown that property values are typically 8-20 percent more expensive if they are located near a park (Crompton 2000). Therefore, in dense urban areas the value of nearby parks and green space can be one of the key selling points and a stronger feature than lot itself (Tajima 2003). Furthermore, Morancho (2003) found in Spain that for every 100m further away from a gree n area there was a drop of approximately à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬1800 in the housing price. Therefore, to reduce the impact of urbanisation, and to ensure economic growth, allocation of new and protection of existing urban green spaces is required (Kong et al 2007). However, the value open space is contextual as it rises with increased income. Open space is considered a luxury good, as demand for open space increases as income rises. Hence, the willingness to pay for environmental quality is highly elastic with respect to income (Anderson and West 2006). Urban green spaces in isolation will not increase economic growth However, not all green spaces are equally beneficial. To ensure that urban green spaces enhance economic growth, they must be well maintained, safe and secure. In recent decades there has been a decline in the quality of urban green spaces in England. This can be linked to the declining budgets for local authorities over the past 20 to 25 years (Dunnett et al 2002). This has a negative economic effect as green spaces that are dangerous or unmanaged are likely to decrease the value of nearby homes, which would lead to economic decline (Crompton 2001). Furthermore, if green spaces are perceived to be overgrown or unmanaged this may have a negative effect on peoples well-being by increasing anxiety caused by fear of crime (Tzoulasa et al 2007). Research shows that open spaces which are most highly valued are those which enhance the qualities of urban life and offer a variety of opportunities (Burgess et al 1988). If there is a lack of facilities or the area is in poor condition then peo ple are less likely to use it. Furthermore, lower-income suburban areas usually have a larger proportion of poor-quality green space. Thus, even if green spaces are in large quantities, but are of poor quality then economic and health benefits are not felt by the population (Popham and Mitchel 2007). Additionally, if green spaces are poorly managed so that they become inaccessible, then less people will use them, especially the elderly or people with disabilities. Therefore, quality as well as quantity of green space is a key factor. Moreover, McConnell and Walls (2005) argue for the importance of distinguishing between different types of open space. The value of green spaces depends on its usage for example, whether it is a well managed park or an open field. Barker (2003) also reported that the value of open space depends strongly on its location and use, for instance, green space in the urban core was valued higher than greenbelt land. Anderson and West (2006:782) show that the v alue of open space depends on the type of open space, how far away it from the house and the neighbourhood characteristics. They found that sales price rises with proximity to the nearest golf course and falls the closer a home is to the nearest cemetery. Furthermore, the net result of restricting housing supply is that prices are driven up. This results in poverty magnets in areas with low property prices, resulting in a segregation of the poor and urban social problems. For example, Glasgow has lost population over time, and relative poverty has grown. Therefore, Londons pursuit to a greener city could further increase house prices and it could be argued that a city can become too green when economic growth is damaged. An upward pressure on house prices could have a negative impact on some residents and first time buyers as it would squeeze out the poorer renters and new immigrants (Kahn 2006). The result of this limited supply would not lead to economic sustainability as it would limit economic growth. Therefore, green spaces will not necessarily lead to a sustained economic growth nationally, but only benefits certain regions (Kahn 2006). It is often the wealthier people who benefit most, as studies have shown that vegetation and tree cover is lower in residential areas with higher levels of socioeconomic deprivation. Therefore only certain areas benefit as less wealthy areas might not be able to afford to maintain new green spaces (Pauleit et al 2005). Additionally, an increased economic wealth will also increase the values of losses; making the cost to restore damages after a disaster much greater (Shaw et al 2007). Furthermore, conserving green spaces may restrict the supply of valued goods, such as housing, shops, offices or private open space, resulting in economic decline. This results in distributional effects as those landowners who can build get an increase in their asset value, whereas those unable to develop will experience a reduction in asset values. Part of the market failure associated with urbanisation is the increase in land prices imposed on existing inhabitants by additional workers. Furthermore, policies of containment, such as greenbelts, may increase energy use as commuters move out bey ond the greenbelt which results in longer commuter journeys. Therefore, it could be argued that policy in the UK restricts urban growth which leads to higher costs and welfare losses. Hence land regulation can have adverse economic effects as it diverts resources from other growth activities. Therefore the solution maybe not regulating land markets but regulating or taxing energy markets (Cheshire 2009). Conclusion To conclude, this essay has highlighted the environmental problem of urbanisation, explaining how this is a result of market failures. It has also shown how this can lead to economic problems. This essay then goes on to argue that a solution would be preserving, maintaining and developing new green spaces in urban areas. It goes on to explain the environmental, social and economic benefits of urban green spaces. It also highlights the hedonic pricing method, which shows how urban green spaces can be valued. It also argues that green spaces create economic benefits by increasing property values. However, the latter part of the essay challenges this, arguing that not all green spaces is equally beneficial. It also argues that preserving green spaces could also have a negative impact as the cost of land increases further, resulting in large increase in house prices. Therefore, it is important to maintain urban green spaces for the many environmental, economic and social benefits. However, this cannot be in isolation as for green spaces to be beneficial they must be well maintained and managed. Furthermore if too much green space is protected then this could have negative impacts overall. Therefore, urban land policies need to ensure green space is well managed in order to achieve the maximum benefits. Furthermore, methods other than land protections could also be used, such as taxing energy use. 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